Indirect Speech

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INDIRECT SPEECH
Indirect speech is used to reiterate what other people have said.
Kalimat tidak langsung digunakan untuk menyampaikan ulang apa yang dikatakan oleh orang lain.
 
Example:
a.      Nanda: ‘I don’t have time.’ ⇒ Nanda said that he didn’t have time.
Sally: ‘Saya tidak punya waktu.’ ⇒ Sally berkata dia tidak punya waktu.
 
b.      Sani: ‘I am tired.’ ⇒ She said that she was tired.
Sani: ‘Saya lelah.’ ⇒ Dia bekata dia lelah.
 
 
TENSE CHANGES AND PRONOUNS CHANGES
Tense changes and pronouns changes in direct speech to indirect speech.
Perubahan waktu dan kata ganti dari kalimat langsung ke kalimat tidak langsung.
 

‘I am exhausted.’

SIMPLE PRESENT

SIMPLE PAST

He said (that) he was exhausted.

‘I am studying.’

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

PAST CONTINUOUS

She told me (that) she was studying.

‘I love the concert.’

SIMPLE PAST

PAST PERFECT

He told me (that) he had loved the concert.

‘I have never been to Rome.’

PRESENT PERFECT

PAST PERFECT

She said (that) she had never been to Rome.

‘I will help you.’

SIMPLE FUTURE

PAST FUTURE

He said (that) he would help you.

‘You must pay attention.’

MUST

HAD TO

She told me (that) You had pay attention.
 
 
TIME CHANGES
Perubahan waktu

DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

now

then, at that time

today

that day, on Sunday, yesterday

tonight

that night, last night, on Sunday night

tomorrow

the next day/ the following day, on Sunday, today

yesterday

the day before/ the previous day, on Sunday

last night

the night before/ the previous night, on Sunday night

this week

that week, last week

last month

the month before/ the previous month, in May

next year

the following year, in 2014

two minutes ago

two minutes before

in one hour

one hour later
 
 KINDS
Jenis Indirect Speech
 
1. Statement
Kalimat berbentuk pernyataan (statement) mengalami perubahan dengan ditambahi kata ‘say/said’ atau ‘tell/told’. Agar kalimat kemudian lebih mengalir dan mudah dipahami, kata ‘that’ kemudian dapat digunakan sebagai penghubung. 

Berikut ini contohnya:
“I conceive to visit my uncle next month,” John says → John same that he planned to travel to his uncle the month later. Sebuah pernyataan sering kali diubah menjadi kalimat tidak langsung. 

Contohnya adalah:
  • Direct speech: I prefer dessert. reported speech: She same (that) she likes dessert.
  • Direct Speech: I am living in London reported Speech: She same (that) she was living in London.
  • Direct Speech: I had taken English lessons before. She same (that) she had taken English lessons before.
 
2. Command, Invitation, Request
Kalimat imperative dapat berupa perintah, undangan, maupun permintaan. Indirect speech jenis ini biasanya menggunakan ‘to’ atau ‘not to’. 

Simak contoh di bawah ini:
“Don’t raise me!” She told me not to raise her. Request atau permintaan tolong sendiri dapat dikategorikan sebagai sebuah pertanyaan. Namun, jawabannya lebih sempit dapat berupa ya atau tidak saja. 

Berikut beberapa diantaranya:
  • Direct speech: Please facilitate me. | reported request: She asked Me to help her.
  • Direct request: might you bring my book tonight? | reported request: She asked Me to bring her book that night.
  • Direct request: Would you mind coming early tomorrow? | reported request: She asked Me to come back early the following day.
 
3. Orders
Pertanyaan ya/tidak (yes/no question) Direct speech berupa yes/no question dapat diubah menjadi reported speech dengan menambahkan kata if atau whether or not or not. 

Berikut contohnya:
“Do you fancy the dinner?” → He asked me if I enjoyed the dinner. Selain permintaan, order atau perintah juga bisa diubah menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, 

Berikut contohnya:
  • Direct order: attend bed! | reported order: He told the child to jaunt the bed.
  • Direct order: Don’t worry! | reported order: He told her to not worry.
  • Direct order: He told Me to hurry on time. | reported order: He told me to not come late
 
4. Question
Kalimat tanya ini menggunakan 5W+1H dapat diubah menjadi indirect speech dengan memindahkan moda ke belakang subjek. 

Berikut ini contohnya. “Where is that the post workplace?” → She asked Maine wherever the post office was. Tak hanya pernyataan, pertanyaan yang dapat diubah menjadi sebuah kalimat tak langsung akhirnya berubah jadi pernyataan. 

Bagaimana caranya?
  • Direct question: where does one live? | reported question: She asked Me where I lived.
  • Direct question: where is Julie? | reported question: She asked Me where Julie was.
  • Direct question: Did you fancy your vacation? | reported question: He wished to understand if I had enjoyed my holiday.
  • Direct question: where is that Post workplace, please? | reported question: She asked Me where the Post workplace was.

Sources:
https://test-english.com/explanation/a2/reported-speech-indirect-speech/
https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/reported-speech/#Rumus_Reported_Speech
https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/sentence/reported-speech-time-place.htm

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